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To understand the transcriptional regulation of the mouse protamine 2 gene, the interactions between nuclear proteins and promoter DNA of the regulatory region was investigated. Within the promoter region, -170 to +8, two protein binding sites were identified. Site 1, - 64 to -48, contained a cAMP responsive element, CRE, and site 2, - 87 to - 67, contained a CAAT-like element. In vitro phosphorylation of testis nuclear proteins increased the binding affinities for these two sites and also transcriptional activity of the mouse protamine 2 promoter.
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