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KMID : 1034820210170020099
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Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
2021 Volume.17 No. 2 p.99 ~ p.109
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Integrative comparison of cadmium and iron oxide as yellow pigment in terms of cellular stress and genotoxicity in vitro and in vivo
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Kim Hyun-Soo
Lee Hyun-Jin
Jung Won-Young
Weon Jong-Il
Shin Dong-Yeop
Jang Yu-Jin
Seo Young-Rok
Koedrith Preeyaporn
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Abstract
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Backgrounds: Heavy metals cadmium has been used as a yellow pigment due to its bright and lasting color. Considering the toxicity of cadmium, yellow iron oxide has been suggested as a substitute due to its cost-effectiveness. However, cellular and molecular safety information of yellow iron oxide is not fully understood.
Methods: Metal-mediated cellular stress indicated by metallothionein 1 expression were measured by western blotting and qRT-PCR in cadmium- or iron oxide-treated HepG2 cells. Genotoxicity were detected using comet assay and micronuclei assay in HepG2 cells and rat liver tissue. Observed toxicological effects were quantified and scored on a scale bar for integrated analysis.
Results: Yellow iron oxide showed significantly low metallothionein 1 expression and genotoxicity in all results. This result indicates high potential of iron oxide as an alternative to cadmium.
Conclusion: We demonstrated the comparative toxicity of the cadmium and yellow iron oxide in terms of stress-responsive biomarker expression and genotoxicity in HepG2 cells and rat liver tissue. Our study with the integrated strategy suggests usefulness of the yellow iron oxide as a substitute material in cadmium-containing products and reports useful tool to comprehensively assess the toxicity of suspected toxicants or newly developed materials.
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KEYWORD
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Integrated toxicity analysis, Genotoxicity, Metallothionein, Cadmium, Yellow iron oxide
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