KMID : 1034820220180040509
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Molecular & Cellular Toxicology 2022 Volume.18 No. 4 p.509 ~ p.519
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Ferulic acid exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by inducing autophagy and blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation
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Liu Yongjuan
Shi Lu Qiu Wenhong Shi Yingying
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Abstract
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Background: Inflammation is involved in the healing process; however, when inflammation is overactivated, multiple diseases can occur. The continued discovery of new anti-inflammatory drugs is crucial in the treatment of inflammation-linked diseases.
Objectives: Ferulic acid (FA), a precursor necessary for lignan synthesis, is widely distributed in plant-based whole foods and is a strong antioxidant. However, the effect of FA on the expression level of inflammatory factors in macrophages has not been fully clarified. The current study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of ferulic acid.
Results: The results showed that THP-1 cells were induced to differentiate into macrophages by Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), and THP-1-derived macrophages were stimulated by LPS to establish an inflammatory cell model. Compared with the control group, low (5 ¥ìmol¡¤mL?1), medium (10 ¥ìmol¡¤mL?1), and high (20 ¥ìmol¡¤mL?1) concentration ferulic acid groups have decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis rate in a dose-dependent manner. FA reduced the transcriptional levels of Interleukin-1¥â (IL-1¥â), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor ¥á (TNF-¥á). Importantly, FA-induced autophagy and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation. 3-MA (a widely used autophagy inhibitor) enhanced the secretion of TNF-¥á, IL-6 and IL-1¥â. Moreover, autophagy inhibition by 3-MA resulted in increased proteins expression associated with NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway. Besides, the inhibition of inflammasome activation by MCC950 reduced the expression of TNF-¥á, IL-6 and IL-1¥â.
Conclusion: It is concluded that FA enhanced autophagy, inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and reduced the expression and release of inflammatory factors.
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KEYWORD
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Ferulic acid, Macrophage, Autophagy, NLRP3 inflammasome, Inflammatory factor
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