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KMID : 0390619980060010047
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Journal of Cardiovascular Ultrasound
1998 Volume.6 No. 1 p.47 ~ p.54
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Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy : Clinal and Echocardiographic Follow Up
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Kim Myeong-Kon
Chung Nam-Sik
Ha Jong-Won
Rim Se-Joong
Lee Nam-Ho
Ahn Shin-Ki
Kim Tae-Yong
Lee Moon-Hyoung
Shim Won-Heum
Cho Seung-Yun
Kim Sung-Soon
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Abstract
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Background : An unusual form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy localized to the left ventricular apex has racial differences in phenotypic expression between many Japanese reports and most reports from outside Japan. In japanese patients follow up study of apical hypertrophy has shown benign clinical course without demonstrable genetic transmission, but other ethnic patients with this variant was clinically different form Japanese patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical course and the progression of hypertrophy of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by echocardiography and to define the relationship between the severity of apical hypertrophec cardiomyopathy and the clinical course.
Methods : Between June 1990 and August 1996, 35 out of 53 patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy diagnosed by echocardiography were studied. In 26 out of 35 patients, twodimensional echocardiography and EKG were obtained at initial visit and follow up. We analyzed the sum of S wave in lead VI and R wave in lead V5(mm) and T wave negativity in lead V4 on EKG. Measured echocardiographic parameters were apical thickness and apical cross-sectional area of left ventricle at end-diastole in apical four chamber view, anteroposterior left atrial dimension at end-systole in parasternal short axis view and pulsed-wave Doppler pattern of transmitral inflow.
Results :
1) Mean age at presentation was 57.9+/-8.3 years(range 37 to 72). Mean follow up duration of echocardiography and EKG were 29.5+/-13.5 months and 27.7+/-11.4 months, respectively.
2) Eleven(31%) out of 35 patients were asymptomatic at initial presentation. In the remaining 24 patients, major symptoms included atypical chest pain(n=7), angina(n=11), dyspnea(n=12), palpitation(n=4) and fatigue(n=1). During follow-up, symptoms aggravated in 5/35(14%), no change in 22/35(63%) and alleviated in 8/35(23%). The clinical event during follow up was transient ischemic attack in I patient, syncope in I patient and death in I patient with cerebral infarction and upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
3) Electrocardiography revealed normal sinus rhythm in 24 patients and artial fibrillation in 2 patients at initial presentation. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was observed in 1 patient during follow up period at 24 hours Holter monitoring. Negative T wave amplitude was increased from 11.5+/-5.5 to 13.1+/-6.5㎜(p<0.05), however the sum of SV₁ and RV5 did not change significantly.
4) The spical thickness and apical cross-sectional area changed over time, from 19.9+/-3.2 to 2.18+/-4.1mm(p<0.005) with interobservers difference of 2.3+/-1.2㎜ and from 11.4+/-2.4 to 12.5+/-3.1cm2(p<0.05) with interobservers difference of 1.9+/-1.5cm2, respectively. Left atrial dimension increased from 43.5+/-6.6 to 46.2+/-6.1㎜(p<0.005). Transmitral inflow revealed normal E/A ratio and deceleration time of 150-40msec in 11 patients with changed to relaxation abnormalities in three and pseudonormalization in two and relaxation abnormalities in 14 patients with changed to pseudonormalization in three at follow-up.
Conclusions : Patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have relatively favorable prognosis during follow up period without any significant clinical event and symptomatic deterioration. T wave negativity on and left atrial dimension on echocardiographic examination were increased during follow up, but these parameters were not associated with clinical presentation.
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KEYWORD
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Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Echocardiography, Electrocardiography
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