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KMID : 0857920210240010113
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Yonsei Journal of Medical History
2021 Volume.24 No. 1 p.113 ~ p.140
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Medical Modernity Revealed in the Methodology of Psychiatry in Philippe Pinel(1745-1826)
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Kang Seong-Eun
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Abstract
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Philippe Pinel (1745?1826) was a leading figure in the modernization of psychiatry in the early nineteenth-century. This study intensely scrutinized the modern beginnings and clues revealed in Traite medico-philosophique sur l'alienation mentale, ou la manie (hereafter called Traite), the accumulation of his methodology of psychiatry. Hippocraticism was popular among physicians of the time in France. The Traite is heavily influenced by Hippocraticism, namely in the observation and the methodology of medicine expectante.
The Hippocraticism in the Traite called for modernization and innovation in psychiatry, given that bloodletting and hydrotherapy were the mainstream methods at that time. The method of observation is embodied in the hospital statistics, medical illustrations, and patient lists in the Traite. All three were the result of the actualization of the practice of observation and moral treatment in daily clinical practice. The characteristics of modern medicine originated in these three methodological approaches and were analyzed with the goal of theoretical psychiatric research by processing raw data obtained from clinical practice.
Meanwhile, the partnership between Dr. Pinel and patient/citizen, Jean-Baptiste Pussin (1745-?1811), was highlighted in the Traite. In fact, the Traite can be read as a treatise of psychotic patients in the context of French Revolution. Pinel’s attitude toward non-physician Pussin in the Traite was respectful and very receptive. Pussin was found to have engaged and been involved in medical research and healthcare as a patient specialist who shared his insight into other patients. Pinel also sought to break away from his internal limitations as a medical researcher by accepting this cooperation. His observations as a doctor could no longer expect further advances in psychiatry. This collaboration was an example of patient and public involvement that emerged in modern times when both patients/citizens and healthcare professionals contributed to medicine as experts. This was reflected by the medical authority revealed within the Traite. It should be noted that this co-working model in medical research and healthcare between the two was practiced in the early nineteenth-century. The effect of the mythe de Pinel once again made an imprint on our memories, as the epic of modern medicine is rediscovered here.
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KEYWORD
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Philippe Pinel, Jean-Baptiste Pussin, psychiatry, observation, partnership, patient involvement, modernity
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