KMID : 0857920210240020083
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Yonsei Journal of Medical History 2021 Volume.24 No. 2 p.83 ~ p.110
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Melancholy and Toska (Šˆ‹†„): A Study on the Characteristics of Russian Melancholy
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Lee Byoung-Hoon
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Abstract
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This thesis is a study on the historical origin of depression in Russia. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the cause of the widespread use of ¡°toska¡± (¬ä¬à¬ã¬Ü¬Ñ), which meant depression, instead of ¬ç¬Ñ¬ß¬Õ¬â¬Ñ (handra), which meant melancholy, in Russia in the 19th century. My hypothesis is that ¡°toska¡± not only covered most of the meaning of the term ¡°melancholy¡± but also expressed that mental state more diversely and vividly, and so it was used more extensively in Russia than the foreign and professional medical term ¡°melancholy.¡± As can be seen from previous research, most studies on ¡°toska¡±¡¯ were conducted in the fields of literature and linguistics. On the other hand, there have been few medical approaches to ¡°toska¡± until recently. This is a disappointment when we recall that ¡°toska¡± is a word that reflects the specificity of Russian melancholy. The most important thing in this study is to elucidate historically and clinically the relationship between ¡°toska¡± and depression. In this respect, it can be said that this paper has a certain differentiation from previous studies. In particular, it compares the types and meanings of melancholy in the Russian medical dictionary published in the 19th century with ¡°toska¡± and examines how the depressed state, emotion, and pain expressed in ¡°toska¡± overlap with melancholy. Through this comparison, we can understand that the meaning and content of the medical term ¡°melancholy¡± are not fundamentally different from the feelings and states expressed in ¡°toska.¡± For this purpose, I mainly use the works of Pushkin, the works of various Russian writers, and Russian proverbs as examples.
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KEYWORD
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Toska (Šˆ‹†„), Melancholy, Russian Melancholy, Pushkin, Medicine
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