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The ROS-producing potency of chromium compounds of several oxidation states were determined in the H4 cells. $K_2Cr_2O_7$ as Cr (VI), synthetic Cr (V) compounds and Cr (III) as TPP produced high level of ROS. However, ROS values of Cr-picolinate as Cr (III), CrCl$_2$, CrCI$_2$, were almost equal to the control. The effects of physiological antioxidants compounds which react with free radicals were examined for their effects on chromate-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A549 cells after the addition of $K_2Cr_2O_7$. The compounds used were vitamin C (ascorbate), vitamin E ($\alpha$-tocopherol), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. The preincubation of ascorbate (200uM) with A549 cells for 20hr resulted in a significant reduction of hexavalent chromate(100uM) induced ROS. However, there is no effects of preincubation of the cells with vitamin E succinate (10 and 20uM, 20hr) on the ROS production. Also, the effects of Cr (VI) on the cell cycle of A549 cells was measured by adding the DNA intercalating agent, propidium iodide. S phase of the cell cycle was increased by the chromium (VI) compounds up to 20uM indicating toxicity or possible mitogenic action of the cell. The shoulder in Go/G1 phase at 20uM Cr (VI) with 24 hr treatment indicates apoptosis.
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